.gif)
Perceived risk, fear of Covid-19, and resilience on mental health of Malaysian emerging adults during the Covid-19 pandemic
- Abstract Views: 588
- PDF Downloads: 0
- December 7, 2021
Keywords:
COVID-19; Perceived risk; Mental health; Emerging adults; MalaysiaAbstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affects one’s physical and mental state. Past studies reported higher levels of anxiety, distress, and depression, especially among emerging adults, indicating the need of studying how COVID-19 affects one mentally. Hence, this study looked to investigate the predictive effect of perceived risk, fear of COVID-19, and resilience on mental health among Malaysian emerging adults. 182 emerging adults were recruited in the cross-sectional study through an online survey using the purposive sampling method. Results showed that resilience significantly and positively predicted mental health while perceived risk and fear of COVID-19 were insignificant predictors of mental health. Overall, practitioners and policymakers are encouraged to focus on resilience-based interventions to improve our emerging adults' mental health. This is because emerging adults with strong mental health can serve as a strong impetus for national development.
Full Text:
References
Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R.-K., & Joo, H. (2013). Best-practice recommendations for defining, identifying, and handling outliers. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 270–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112470848
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
Aw, E. C. X., Cheah, J. H., Ng, S. I., & Sambasivan, M. (2018). Breaking compulsive buying-financial trouble chain of young Malaysian consumers. Young Consumers, 19(3), 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-11-2017-00755
Azlan, A. A., Hamzah, M. R., Sern, T. J., Ayub, S. H., & Mohamad, E. (2020). Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668
Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Greenberg, D. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Brown, L. A., White, L. K., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2020). Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational Psychiatry, 10, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4
Benetti, C., & Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 341- 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.015
Blackmon, B. J., Lee, J., Cochran, J. D. M., Kar, B., Rehner, T. A., & Baker, J. A. M. (2017). Adapting to life after hurricane Katrina and the deepwater horizon oil spill: An examination of psychological resilience and depression on the Mississippi gulf coast. Social Work in Public Health, 32(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2016.1188746
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Brug, J., Aro, A. R., Oenema, A., de Zwart, O., Richardus, J. H., & Bishop, G. D. (2004). SARS risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(8), 1486-1489. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1008.040283
Burns, R. A., Anstey, K. J., Windsor, T. D. (2011). Subjective well-being mediates the effects of resilience and mastery on depression and anxiety in a large community sample of young and middle-aged adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 240-248. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.529604
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Caruana, E. J., Roman, M., Hernández-Sánchez, J., & Solli, P. (2015). Longitudinal studies. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 7(11), E537-E540. http://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.63
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2008). Unpleasant situations elicit different emotional responses in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(3), 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013284
Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Crocetti, E., & Meeus, W. (2014). “Family comes first!” Relationships with family and friends in Italian emerging adults. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.012
Czeisler, M. E., Lane, R. I. L., Petrisky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., Weaver, M. D., Robbins, R., Facer-Childs, E. R., Barger, L. K., Czeisler, C., Howard, M. E., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic-United States, June 24-30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049-1057. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1
Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003
Durcharme, J. (2020, March 11). World Health Organization declares COVID-19 a ‘Pandemic’. Here’s what that means. Time. https://time.com/5791661/who-coronavirus-pandemic-declaration/
Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149
Faasse, K., & Newby, J. (2020). Public perceptions of COVID-19 in Australia: Perceived risk, knowledge, health-protective behaviors, and vaccine intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.551004
Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual. Review of Public Health, 26, 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000924
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Gao, T., Ding, X., Chai, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Kong, Y., & Mei, S. (2017). The influence of resilience on mental health: The role of general well‐being. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 23(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12535
Germani, A., Buratta, L., Delvecchio, E., & Mazzeschi, C. (2020). Emerging adults and COVID-19: The role of individualism-collectivism on perceived risks and psychological maladjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103497
Gupta, S. K., Mazza, M. C., Hoyt, M. A., & Revenson, T. A. (2020). The experience of financial stress among emerging adult cancer survivors. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 38(4) 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2019.1707928
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
Heath, C., Sommerfield, A., & Ungern‐Sternberg, B. V. (2020). Resilience strategies to manage psychological distress among healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A narrative review. Anaesthesia, 75(10), 1364-1371. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15180
Hecht, J. B. (1991). Least-squares linear regression and Schrodinger's cat: Perspectives on the analysis of regression residuals. American Educational Research Association.
Hetkamp, M., Schweda, A., Bäuerle, A., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Musche, V., ... & Skoda, E. M. (2020). Sleep disturbances, fear, and generalised anxiety during the COVID-19 shut down phase in Germany: relation to infection rates, deaths, and German stock index DAX. Sleep Medicine, 75, 350-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.033
Hofstede Insights. (n.d.). Country Comparison. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-%20comparison/malaysia,the-usa/
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalised anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Ingram, L. A., Stafford, C., McCollum, Q., & Isreal, M. (2020). African American emerging adult perspectives on unintended pregnancy and meeting their needs with mobile technology: Mixed methods qualitative study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.2196/21454
International Labour Organization. (2020). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work (4th Ed.). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_745963.pdf
Ipsos. (2020). Ipsos press release: State of the healthcare system. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-12/ipsos_malaysia_press_release_-_state_of_the_healthcare_system_final_-_101220_v1.pdf
Keliat, B. A., Triana, R., & Sulistiowati, N. M. D. (2019). The relationship between self- esteem, family relationships and social support as the protective factors and adolescent mental health. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.715
Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.539
Khan, S., Ali, A., Siddique, R., & Nabi, G. (2020). Novel coronavirus is putting the whole world on alert. Journal of Hospital Infection, 104, 252-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.019
Killgore, W. D. S., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
Kim, A. W., Nyengerai, T., & Mendenhall, E. (2020a). Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychological Medicine, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003414
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Updegraff, J. A. (2016). Fear of Ebola: The influence of collectivism on Xenophobic threat responses. Association for Psychological Science, 27(7), 935-944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616642596
Kujawa, A., Green, H., Compas, B. E., Dickey, L., & Pegg, S. (2020). Exposure to COVID‐ 19 pandemic stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States. Depression and Anxiety, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23109
Kuper-Smith, B., Doppelhofer, L., Oganian, Y., Rosenblau, G., & Korn, C. (2020). Optimistic beliefs about the personal impact of COVID-19. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/epcyb
Lamers, S. M. A., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., ten Klooster, P. M., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2011). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20741
Lang, P. J. (1968). Research in psychotherapy. American Psychological Association.
Lau, A. J., Tan, G. W. H., Loh, X. M., Leong, L. Y., Lee, V. H., & Ooi, K. B. (2021). On the way: Hailing a taxi with a smartphone? A hybrid SEM-neural network approach. Machine Learning with Applications, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100034
Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26. https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.924609
Li, J. B., Yang, A., Dou, K., Wang, L. X., Zhang, M. C., & Lin, X. Q. (2020a). Chinese public’s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: A national survey. Research Square, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16572/v4
Loh, X. K., Lee, V. H., Loh, X. M., Tan, G. W. H., Ooi, K. B., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021a). The dark side of mobile learning via social media: How bad can it get? Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10202-z
Loh, X. M., Lee, V. H., Tan, G. W. H., Ooi, K. B., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021b). Switching from cash to mobile payment: what's the hold-up? Internet Research, 31(1), 376-399. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-04-2020-0175
Mækelæ, M. J., Reggev, N., Dutra, N., Tamayo, R. M., Silva-Sobrinho, R. A., Klevjer, K., & Pfuhl, G. (2020). Perceived efficacy of COVID-19 restrictions, reactions and their impact on mental health during the early phase of the outbreak in six countries. Royal Society Open Science, 7(8). http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200644
Malesza, M., & Kaczmarek, M. C. (2020). Predictors of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110419
Mann, C. J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20, 54-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.1.54
McBride, O., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Gibson-Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Hyland, P., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., Stocks, T. V., & Bentall, R. P. (2020). Monitoring the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population: An overview of the context, design and conduct of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study. Psyarxiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wxe2n
McGinty, E. E., Presskreischer, R., Han, H., & Barry, C. L. (2020). Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA, 324(1), 93-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9740
McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2008). The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: A foundation for reinforcement sensitivity theory. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality (pp. 44–94). Cambridge University Press.
Morales-Vives, F., Dueñas, J. M., Vigil-Colet, A., & Camarero-Figuerola, M. (2020). Psychological variables related to adaptation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565634
Mukhtar, S. (2020). Mental health and emotional impact of COVID-19: Applying health belief model for medical staff to general public of Pakistan. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.012
Ndubisi, N., O., Khoo‐Lattimore, C., Yang, L., & Capel, C. M. (2011). The antecedents of relationship quality in Malaysia and New Zealand. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 28(2), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656711111101773
Osimo, S. A., Aiello, M., Gentili, C., Ionta, S., & Cecchetto, C. (2021). The influence of personality, resilience, and alexithymia on mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630751
Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., & Hansel, T. C. (2011). Deepwater horizon oil spill: Mental health effects on residents in heavily affected areas. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 5(4), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.85
Perin, C., Beghi, M., Cerri, C. G., Peroni, F., Vigano, B., & Cornaggia, C. M. (2015). Experience of group conversations in rehabilitation medicine: Methodological approach and pilot study. Journal of Medicine and the Person, 13, 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12682-015-0208-7
Poudel-Tandukar, K., Chandler, G. E., Jacelon, C. S., Gautam, B., Bertone-Johnson, E. R., & Hollon, S. D. (2019). Resilience and anxiety or depression among resettled Bhutanese adults in the United States. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 65(6), 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076401986232
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fgpsych-2020-100213
Radhi, N. A. M. (2020, March 18). Malaysians scramble to balik kampung ahead of RMO. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575684/malaysians-scramble-balik-kampung-ahead-rmo
Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatisation symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261
Ribeiro, M. R. C., Damiano, R. F., Marujo, R., Nasri, F., & Lucchetti, G. (2020). The role of spirituality in the COVID-19 pandemic: A spiritual hotline project. Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa120
Rogers, R. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
Rudwan, S., & Alhashimia, S. (2018). The relationship between resilience & mental health among a sample of University of Nizwa students-Sultanate of Oman. European Scientific Journal, 14(2), 288-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p288
Schwarzer, R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: A systematic overview. Psychology and Health, 9, 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407475
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.
Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., Stocks, T. V., Bennett, K. M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.31423/osf.io/hb6nq
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988
Showkat, N., & Parveen, H. (2017). Non-probability and probability sampling. Communications Research, 1-9.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Southwick, S. M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzal, R. (2016). Why are some individuals more resilient than others: The role of social support. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 77-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20282
Tabri, N., Hollingshead, S., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2020). Framing COVID-19 as an existential threat predicts anxious arousal and prejudice towards Chinese people. Psyarxiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpbtr
Tan, D., Basit, A., & Hassan, Z. (2017). Does cross-cultural differences influence personality and intention to leave? A study on HEI in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Learning and Training, 2(1), 28-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24924/ijelt/2017.04/v2.iss1/28.41
Tew, H. T., Tan, G. W. H., Loh, X. M., Lee, V. H., Lim, W. L., & Ooi, K. B. (2021). Tapping the next purchase: embracing the wave of mobile payment. Journal of Computer Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2020.1858731
Ting, L. K., Rabbani, M., & Zahabi, A. (2020). Experience of homesickness and coping strategies among Malaysian young adults. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research, 4(3), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjmr.2020.v04i03.007
Vally, Z. (2020). Public perceptions, anxiety and the perceived efficacy of health-protective behaviours to mitigate the spread of the SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 187, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.002
Wise, T., Zbozinek, T. D., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020). Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID- 19 pandemic in the United States. Royal Society Open Science, 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200742
World Health Organization. (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
Yildirim, M. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in the relationships between fear of happiness and affect balance, satisfaction with life, and flourishing. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1640
Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A. (2020a). Factor analysis of the COVID-19 perceived risk scale: A preliminary study. Death Studies, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1784311
Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A. (2020b). Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347
Yildirim, M., Gecer, E., & Akgul, O. (2020b). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1776891
Yildirim, M., Arslan, G., & Özaslan, A. (2020a). Perceived risk and mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the mediating effects of resilience and coronavirus fear. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00424-8
Zhong, Y., Liu, W., Lee, T.-Y., Zhao, H., & Ji, J. (2020). Risk perception, knowledge, information sources and emotional states among COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China: A cross-sectional survey. Nursing Outlook, 69(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.005
Zolotov, Y., Reznik, A., Bender, S., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 fear, mental health, and substance use among Israeli university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00351-8
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
