Testing the efficacy of Blended Rational Emotive Occupational Health Coaching in the treatment of Occupational Stress in Teachers of Children with Autism
- Abstract Views: 18
- October 2, 2024
Keywords:
Rational emotive occupational health coaching; job-stress, children with autism, teachersAbstract
Stress is among the high ranked work-related injury all over the world, and has become almost general among the Nigerian workforce. Teachers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), face enormous work-related threats leading to occupational stress. When teachers are stressed, the children's functional development and entire educational outcomes are at risk. As a result, managing occupational stress is particularly important in teachers of children with autism as such is among the sure way of improving developmental and educational outcomes in the children. This study looked at the effectiveness of blended Rational Emotive Occupational Health Coaching (bREOHC) in lowering occupational stress among teachers of children with ASD. Teachers of children with ASD having at least one year of experience were among the participants (N=89). Participants were divided into two groups: bREOHC (N=44) and waitlist (N=45). For 12 weeks, the bREOHC group engaged in a 2 hour intersession face-to-face and online REOHC program. The Single Item Stress Questionnaire (SISQ), Teachers' Stress Inventory, and Participants' Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) are the three measures used. Four sets of data were collected at baseline, post-test, and follow-up 1 and 2 evaluations, and were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, and bar charts. When comparison to the waitlisted group, the TSI scores of the bREOHC group reduced significantly at post-test (Time 2) and follow-up evaluations (Time 3 and 4) (Effect size 2 =.72;.71; and.81, respectively). Between pre, post, and follow-up 1 and 2 measurements, there were no significant differences in occupational stress index sores. Participants were also quite thrilled with the intervention method. Instructors of children with ASD found bREOHC to be helpful in lowering stress.
References
Abrams, M., & Ellis, A. (1994). Rational emotive behaviour therapy in the treatment of stress. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 22(1), 39-50 AbuMadini, M. S., & Sakthivel, M. (2018). A Comparative Study to Determine the Occupational Stress Level and Professional Burnout in Special School Teachers Working in Private and Government Schools. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(3). doi:10.5539/gjhs.v10n3p42
Agu, P. U., Chigbu, B. C., Ede, M. O., Okeke, C. I., Chinweuba, N. H., Amaeze, F. E., ... & Ezeaku, P. (2021). Rational emotive occupational health coaching for quality of work-life among primary school administrators. Medicine, 100(29). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026541
Akanaeme, I. N., Ekwealor, F. N., Ifeluni, C. N., Onyishi, C. N., Obikwelu, C. L., Ohia, N. C., ... & Dike, I. C. (2021). Managing job stress among teachers of children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy with yoga. Medicine, 100(46).
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014). Advantages and limitations of Internet‐based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 4-11. doi: 10.1002/wps.20083.
Andersson, G., Nordgren, L. B., Buhrman, M., & Carlbring, P. (2014). Psychological treatments for depression delivered via the internet and supported by a clinician: An update. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 19(3),
Arun, P., Garg, R., & Chavan, B. S. (2017). Stress and suicidal ideation among adolescents having academic difficulty. Industrial psychiatry journal, 26(1), 64. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_5_17
Atiyat, O.K., 2017. The Level of Psychological Burnout at the Teachers of Students with Autism Disorders in Light of a Number of Variables in Al-Riyadh Area. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(4), pp.159-174. doi.10.5539/jel.v6n4p159,
Bakare, M. O., Taiwo, O. G., Bello-Mojeed, M. A., & Munir, K. M. (2019). Autism spectrum disorders in Nigeria: A scoping review of literature and opinion on future research and social policy directions. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 30(3), 899. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2019.0063
Banbury, A., Nancarrow, S., Dart, J., Gray, L., & Parkinson, L. (2018). Telehealth interventions delivering home-based support group videoconferencing: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(2), e8090.
Blacher, J., Howell, E., Lauderdale-Littin, S., Reed, F. D. D., & Laugeson, E. A. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder and the student teacher relationship: A comparison study with peers with intellectual disability and typical development. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(3), 324-333. doi.10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.008.
Bolourian, Y., Losh, A., Hamsho, N., Eisenhower, A., & Blacher, J. (2021). General Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Autism, Inclusive Practices, and Relationship Building Strategies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-14. doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021- 05266-4
Bolourian, Y., Stavropoulos, K. K., & Blacher, J. (2019). Autism in the Classroom: Educational Issues across the Lifespan. Grantee Submission. doi:10.5772/intechopen.84790
Bolourian, Y., Stavropoulos, K. K., & Blacher, J. (2019). Autism in the Classroom: Educational Issues across the Lifespan. Grantee Submission. Boshoff, S. M. (2011). Validation of the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) in a South African context: the SABPA study (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University).
Boujut, E., Popa-Roch, M., Palomares, E. A., Dean, A., & Cappe, E. (2017). Self-efficacy and burnout in teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 36, 8-20. doi. 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.01.002.
Cappe, E., Bolduc, M., Poirier, N., Popa-Roch, M. A., & Boujut, E. (2017). Teaching students with Autism Spectrum Disorder across various educational settings: The factors involved in burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 498-508. doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.07.014.
Carroll, K. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2010). Computer-assisted therapy in psychiatry: Be brave—it’sa new world. Current psychiatry reports, 12(5), 426-432.
Chadha, M., Sood, K., & Malhotra, S. (2012). Effects of organizational stress on quality of life of primary and secondary school teachers. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 15(2), 342-346.
Dankade, U., Bello, H., & Deba, A. A. (2016). Analysis of job stress affecting the performance of secondary schools’vocational technical teachers in north east, Nigeria. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 8(1). David, D. (2015). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). In R. L. Cautin and S. O. Lilienfeld (eds), Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
David, D., & Szentagotai, A. (2006). Cognitions in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies; toward an integrative model. Clinical psychology review, 26(3), 284-298.
David, O. A., & Matu, S. A. (2013). How to tell if managers are good coaches and how to help them improve during adversity? The managerial coaching assessment system and the rational managerial coaching program. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13.
De Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C., Benevene, P., Uusitalo‐Malmivaara, L., & Chiacchio, C. D. (2017). Burnout in special needs teachers at kindergarten and primary school: investigating the role of personal resources and work wellbeing. Psychology in the Schools, 54(5), 472-486.
Demidova, I. (2017). Treating Adult Women With Depression Through Videoconferencing. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4447&context=dissertations
DiGiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W. and Backx, W. (2014). A Practitioner’s Guide to Rational-emotive Behavior Therapy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Doherty, G., Coyle, D., & Sharry, J. (2012, May). Engagement with online mental health interventions: an exploratory clinical study of a treatment for depression. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1421-1430).
Ekom-Idorenyin, W. V. (2020). ATTITUDE OF TEACHERS TOWARDS PUPILS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA. European Journal of Education Studies.
Ellis, A. (1996). Changing rational-emotive therapy (RET) to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 13(2), 85-89.
Emam, M. M., & Farrell, P. (2009). Tensions experienced by teachers and their views of support for pupils with autism spectrum disorders in mainstream schools. European journal of special needs education, 24(4), 407-422.
Ene, C. U., Ugwuanyi, C. S., Ejimonye, J. C., Ani, M. I., Eneogu, N. D., Ikeh, F. E., ... & Nwachukwu, V. N. (2021). Effects of rational emotive occupational health coaching on work stress among academic staff of science and social science education in Nigerian universities: A randomised trial evaluation. Medicine, 100(34). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026963.
Erbe, D., Eichert, H. C., Riper, H., & Ebert, D. D. (2017). Blending face-to-face and internet-based interventions for the treatment of mental disorders in adults: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(9), e306. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6588.
Fimian, M. J. (1984). The development of an instrument to measure occupational stress in teachers: The Teacher Stress Inventory. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57(4), 277-293.
Fimian, M. J., & Fastenau, P. S. (1990). The validity and reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory: A re-analysis of aggregate data. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 151-157
Fitzpatrick, M., Nedeljkovic, M., Abbott, J. A., Kyrios, M., & Moulding, R. (2018). “Blended” therapy: The development and pilot evaluation of an internet-facilitated cognitive behavioral intervention to supplement face-to-face therapy for hoarding disorder. Internet interventions, 12, 16-25
Fredriksson-Larsson, U., Brink, E., Grankvist, G., Jonsdottir, I. H., & Alsen, P. (2015). The single-item measure of stress symptoms after myocardial infarction and its association with fatigue. Open Journal of Nursing, 5(04), 345. doi.10.4236/ojn.2015.54037.
Gersten, R., Keating, T., Yovanoff, P., & Harniss, M. K. (2001). Working in special education: Factors that enhance special educators' intent to stay. Exceptional Children, 67(4), 549- 567.http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440290106700408.
Ghani, M. Z., Ahmad, A. C., & Ibrahim, S. (2014). Stress among special education teachers in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 4-13.
Gitonga, M. K., & Ndagi, J. M. (2016). Influence of occupational stress on teachers’ performance in public secondary schools in Nyeri County, Nyeri South Sub County Kenya. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(5), 23-29.
González-Herrera, A. I., Pérez-Jorge, D., Díaz-Fuentes, Y., Rodríguez-Jiménez, M. D. C., & AriñoMateo, E. (2021). Dealing with stress and intervention models in families with children with autism spectrum disorder. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00988-3.
Hagaman, J. L., & Casey, K. J. (2018). Teacher attrition in special education: Perspectives from the field. Teacher Education and Special Education, 41(4), 277-291.
Hamlett, C. (2016). How Stress Affects Your Work Performance, Retrieved from smallbuisnes.chron.com/stress-affects-your-work-performance-18040.html on 14/11/2016
Hashim, C. N., & Kayode, B. K. (2010). Stress management among administrators and senior teachers of private Islamic school. Journal of Global Business Management, 6(2), 1.
Hedman, E., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Mörtberg, E., & Lindefors, N. (2011). Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy vs. cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. PloS one, 6(3).
Hedman, E., Ljotsson, B., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., Andersson, E., Ruck, C., Svanborg, C., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., 2014b. Effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for depression in routine psychiatric care. J. Affect. Disord. 155, 49–58.
Jaiyeoba, A. O., & Jibril, M. A. (2008). Sources of occupational stress among secondary school administrators in Kano State, Nigeria. African research review, 2(3), 116-129.
Kebbi, M. (2018). Stress and coping strategies used by special education and general classroom teachers. International Journal of Special Education, 33(1), 34–61.
Kemmeren, L. L., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Riper, H., Kleiboer, A. M., Bosmans, J. E., & Smit, J. H. (2016). Effectiveness of blended depression treatment for adults in specialised mental healthcare: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 113.
Kenter, R. M., van de Ven, P. M., Cuijpers, P., Koole, G., Niamat, S., Gerrits, R. S., ... & van Straten, A. (2015). Costs and effects of Internet cognitive behavioral treatment blended with face-to-face treatment: results from a naturalistic study. Internet Interventions, 2(1), 77-83.
Kourmousi, N., Darviri, C., Varvogli, L., & Alexopoulos, E. C. (2015). Teacher Stress Inventory: validation of the Greek version and perceived stress levels among 3,447 educators. Psychology research and behavior management, 8, 81.
Lundin, F. (2021). Occupational Stress, Burnout and Teacher efficacy in teachers, special educators and habilitation professionals with and without formal ABA training.
Mackie, C., Dunn, N., MacLean, S., Testa, V., Heisel, M., & Hatcher, S. (2017). A qualitative study of a blended therapy using problem solving therapy with a customised smartphone app in men who present to hospital with intentional self-harm. Evidence-based mental health, 20(4), 118-122.
Mahfar, M., & Senin, A. A. 2013 Managing Stress at Workplace Using The Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Approach Major, A. E. (2012). Job design for special education teachers. Current Issues in Education, 15, 1–8.
Malik, N. A., & Björkqvist, K. (2018). Occupational Stress and Mental and Musculoskeletal Health Among University Teachers. Eurasian Journal Of Medical Investigation, 2(3), 139-147. DOI: 10.14744/ejmi.2018.41636.
Manabete, S. S., John, C. A., Makinde, A. A., & Duwa, S. T. (2016). Job stress among school administrators and teachers in Nigerian secondary schools and technical colleges. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 4(2), 1-9.
Manjula, C. M. A. (2012). A study on Personality Factors Causing Stress among Second ary School Teachers, Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow, 12(2).
McDougal, E., Riby, D. M., & Hanley, M. (2020). Teacher insights into the barriers and facilitators of learning in autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 79, 101674. doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101674
Moldovan, C. P. (2017). AM Happy Scale: Reliability and Validity of a Single-Item Measure of Happiness. Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 438. Retrieved from http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/438
Murray, J. (2015). Practical Teaching Strategies for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 7(2), 68-75.
Nakao, S., Nakagawa, A., Oguchi, Y., Mitsuda, D., Kato, N., Nakagawa, Y., ... & Mimura, M. (2018). Web-based cognitive behavioral therapy blended with face-to-face sessions for major depression: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(9), e10743. doi: 10.2196/10743.
Nwimo, I. O., & Onwunaka, C. (2015). Stress among Secondary School Teachers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Suggested Interventions in the Worksite Milieu. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(26), 93-100.
Nwokeoma, B. N., Ede, M. O., Nwosu, N., Ikechukwu-Illomuanya, A., Ogba, F. N., Ugwoezuonu, A. U., ... & Nnamani, O. (2019). Impact of rational emotive occupational health coaching on workrelated stress management among staff of Nigeria police force. Medicine, 98(37). doi: 10.1097/MD.000000000001672
Obiweluozo, P. E., Dike, I. C., Ogba, F. N., Elom, C. O., Orabueze, F. O., Okoye-Ugwu, S., ... & Onyishi, C. N. (2021). Stress in teachers of children with neuro-developmental disorders: Effect of blended rational emotive behavioral therapy. Science Progress, 104(4), 00368504211050278.
Oduyemi, A. Y., Okafor, I. P., Eze, U. T., Akodu, B. A., & Roberts, A. A. (2021). Internalization of stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Nigeria: a mixed method study. BMC psychology, 9(1), 1-12.
Oei, T. P. S., & Shuttlewood, G. J. (1999). Development of a satisfaction with therapy and therapist scale. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 748–753.
Ogba, F. N., Onyishi, C. N., Victor-Aigbodion, V., Abada, I. M., Eze, U. N., Obiweluozo, P. E., ... & Onwu, A. O. (2020). Managing job stress in teachers of children with autism: A rational emotive occupational health coaching control trial. Medicine, 99(36). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021651
Ogbuanya, T. C., Eseadi, C., Orji, C. T., Ede, M. O., Ohanu, I. B., & Bakare, J. (2017). Effects of rational emotive occupational health therapy intervention on the perceptions of organizational climate and occupational risk management practices among electronics technology employees in Nigeria. Medicine, 96(18). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006765.
Ogbuanya, T.C., Eseadi, C., Orji, C.T., Anyanwu, J.I., Joachim, O.C. & Otu, M.S., (2018). The effect of rational emotive behavior therapy on irrational career beliefs of students of electrical electronics and other engineering trades in technical colleges in Nigeria. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36(3), pp.201-219.
Okeke, F. C., Onyishi, C. N., Nwankwor, P. P., & Ekwueme, S. C. (2021). A blended rational emotive occupational health coaching for job-stress among teachers of children with special education needs. Internet Interventions, 26, 100482.
Okwaraji, F. E., & Aguwa, E. N. (2015). Burnout, psychological distress and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. J Psychiatry, 18(1), 237-45. DOI: 10.4172/2378-5756.1000198.
Onuigbo, L.N., Eseadi, C., Ugwoke, S.C., Nwobi, A.U., Anyanwu, J.I., Okeke, F.C., Agu, P.U., Oboegbulem, A.I., Chinweuba, N.H., Agundu, U.V. and Ololo, K.O., (2018). Effect of rational emotive behavior therapy on stress management and irrational beliefs of special education teachers in Nigerian elementary schools. Medicine, 97(37).
Onyishi, C. N., Ede, M. O., Ossai, O. V., & Ugwuanyi, C. S. (2020). Rational Emotive Occupational Health Coaching in the Management of Police Subjective Well-Being and Work Ability: a Case of Repeated Measures. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1-16.
Onyishi, C. N., Ede, M. O., Ossai, O. V., & Ugwuanyi, C. S. (2021). Rational emotive occupational health coaching in the management of police subjective well-being and work ability: A case of repeated measures. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09357-y.
Papathanasiou, I. V., Tsaras, K., Neroliatsiou, A., & Roupa, A. (2015). Stress: Concepts, theoretical models and nursing interventions. American Journal of Nursing Science, 4(2-1), 45-50.
Pawlett, J. (2017). Removing Barriers to Learning for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 9(2), 31-36.
Peltzer, K., Shisana, O., Zuma, K., Van Wyk, B., & Zungu‐Dirwayi, N. (2009). Job stress, job satisfaction and stress‐related illnesses among South African educators. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 25(3), 247- 257.doi.10.1002/smi.1244
Poirier, N. & Cappe, É., (2016). Québec and French School Facilities for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Psychology Bulletin , (4), pp.267-278.
Quick J, & Henderson D. (2016). Occupational stress: Preventing suffering, enhancing wellbeing. International journal of environmental research and public health.13(5), 459. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050459
Rao, J. V., & Chandraiah, K. (2012). Occupational stress, mental health and coping among information technology professionals. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 16(1), 22. doi: 10.4103/0019-5278.99686
Reddy, G.L. & Anuradha, R.V. (2013a). Occupational stress of higher secondary teachers working in Vellore District. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3(1), 9-24
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012). Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 32(4), 329-342.
Romijn G, Riper H, Kok R, Donker T, Goorden M, Hakkaart van Roijen L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of blended vs. face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy for severe anxiety disorders: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2015). BMC Psychiatry doi: 10.1186/s12888-015- 0697-1
Sidani, S., Epstein, D. R., & Fox, M. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of a multi‐dimensional measure of satisfaction with behavioral interventions. Research in nursing & health, 40(5), 459-469.
Simon, N., McGillivray, L., Roberts, N. P., Barawi, K., Lewis, C. E., & Bisson, J. I. (2019). Acceptability of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (i-CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. European journal of psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1646092. doi.10.1080/20008198.2019.1646092
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2015). Job satisfactio n, stress and coping strategies in the teaching profession: What do teachers say ? International Education Studies, 8(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n3p181
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Shehzad, S., Syed, M. A., & Raja, S. A. (2018). Relationship between perceived occupational stress and psychological well-being among secondary school heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PloS one, 13(12), e0208143
Sumathy V & Sudha, G. (2013). Teachers' stress and type of school: Is there link? Research Expo International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 11(4):23-30.
Thomas, G. (2017). How to do your research project: A guide for students. Sage. Turner, M., Slater, M., & Barker, J. (2014). The season-long effects of rational emotive behavior therapy on the irrational beliefs of professional academy soccer athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology. doi: 10.7352/IJSP
Ukonu, I.O. & Edeoga, G (2019). Job-Related Stress among Public Junior Secondary School Teachers in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. 9 (1), 2162-3058. doi:10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.13589
Vernmark, K., Hesser, H., Topooco, N., Berger, T., Riper, H., Luuk, L., ... & Andersson, G. (2019). Working alliance as a predictor of change in depression during blended cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 48(4), 285-299. Doi.10.1080/16506073.2018.1533577
Warren, J. M. (2010). School counselor system support using mental health interventions. The New York State School Counseling Association Journal, 7, 30–39.
Warren, J. M. (2013). School counselor consultation: Teachers’ experiences with rational emotive behavior therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10942-011-0139-z
Warren, J. M., & Gerler, E. R. (2013). Effects of cognitive behavioral consultation on irrational and efficacy beliefs of elementary school teachers. The Professional Counselor, 3, 6–15. doi:10.15241/jmw.3.1.6
Warren, J. M., & Hale, R. W. (2016). Fostering Non-Cognitive Development of Underrepresented Students through Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Recommendations for School Counselor Practice. Professional Counselor, 6(1), 89-106. doi:10.15241/jw.6.1.89
Wilhelmsen, M., Lillevoll, K., Risor, M.B., Hoifodt, R., Johansen, M.L., Waterloo, K., Eisemann, M., Kolstrup, N., 2013. Motivation to persist with internet-based cognitive behavioural treatment using blended care: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 13, 296.
World Health Organization, WHO, (2020). Occupational health: Stress at the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ccupational-health-stress-at-theworkplace
World Health Organization. (2019). Recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening: WHO guideline. In Recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening: WHO guideline (pp. 150-150).
World Medical Association (2014). General Assembly of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 14
Yang, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., & Cui, R. (2015). The effects of psychological stress on depression. Current neuropharmacology, 13(4), 494-504.
Yusuf, F. A., Olufunke, Y. R., & Valentine, M. D. (2015). Causes and impact of stress on teachers’ productivity as expressed by primary school teachers in Nigeria. Creative Education, 6(18), 1937. doi.10.4236/ce.2015.618199
Zarafshan, H., Mohammadi, M.R., Ahmadi, F. & Arsalani, A., (2013). Job burnout among Iranian elementary school teachers of students with autism: A comparative study. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 8(1), 20
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.